Publishing on Policy: Trends in Public Health

Our goal was to explore the number and topics of policy articles published in general public health journals. We conducted an audit of articles in 16 public health journals from 1998 through 2008. Results showed no trends for the decade studied; only 3.7% of all articles published in these journals were policy-related, and the topics most represented were smoking/tobacco, health care, and school policy. As policy research on public health issues continues to develop, researchers have an opportunity to increase dissemination through publication in general public health journals.


Objective
Policy approaches to improving health are designed to provide opportunities, support, and cues to help people develop healthier behaviors (1) by initiating changes in physical, economic, or social environments (2). In both research and practice, focus has increased on policy approaches to health promotion (3). The purpose of our study was to explore policy research published in a sample of general public health journals during the last decade.

Methods
To develop the list of journals for our review, the research team brainstormed a list of public health journals that cover a broad number of topics. We then supplemented this list by looking at impact factor lists and core public health journal lists on the Internet. Because the focus of this study was to identify policy articles in broad-topic public health journals, we did not include journals specific to a single topic such as those addressing health policy, medicine, nutrition, or disease. Journals selected also had to have been published throughout the time studied. We chose 16 general public health journals (Appendix) for the study.
We defined a policy article as one focusing on a policy, law, regulation, or rule. This included articles describing formal policies such as taxation and legislation as well as less formal policies such as workplace or school wellness. Articles about the built environment without mention of policy were excluded.
Our goals were to count the number of policy articles published by topic and to assess trends over time. Using online archives, we conducted a systematic audit of articles published from January 1, 1998, to December 31, 2008, by collecting tables of contents from each journal issue in the study time frame. We reviewed each table of contents and compiled a list of policy articles. Commentaries on policy topics that included references were included in our count. If the policy content was unclear from the title of the article, we searched the abstract or full text. We discussed any articles in question before including or excluding them. We also counted the total number of articles the journals published each year.
We sorted the policy articles by journal, year of publication, and topic. The categories for the policy topics were developed a priori and amended during the sorting process. We included all school policies regardless of topic (eg, nutrition, health) in an umbrella school policy category. We placed any policy taking place outside the United States in an international policy category, which we included in the overall sample and analyzed separately from the total sample.

Results
Of  The topics of maternal/women's health and drugs/alcohol both showed slight reverse time trends; more articles were published in the earlier years than in the later years studied. Physical activity and nutrition policy articles (not related to school policies) were 2 of the least prevalent topics (16 and 20 articles, respectively). We analyzed the international policy articles separately; the most frequent topics were health care (n = 59) and smoking/tobacco (n = 37). Drugs/alcohol and adolescent/ child policy articles were next (n = 9). There was no trend in number of international policy articles published by year; the highest number was in 2006 and the lowest, in 2000.

Discussion
Changes in policy can help foster and maintain individual-level behavior change (4). Interventions focused solely on individual-level health changes are overall minimally effective and can be costly, and the changes in health may be less sustainable than policy and environmental approaches (1,3,4). In contrast to interventions focused on individuals, policies have the potential to affect health across populations (2).
Despite enhanced interest in policy interventions for health improvement (1,3,5), the number of policy articles published in general public health journals has remained steady during the past decade. Two topics that were most prevalent in the audit (smoking/tobacco and health care) have direct policy implications and a long history of policy development and implementation. School policy was also well represented in the study, probably because schools are a setting governed by federal, state, and local policies. In particular, the federal mandate for school wellness policies may have contributed to the number of school policy articles (6).
Limitations of this study should be noted. Even though publications may not have increased over time, other The opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the opinions of the US Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.
avenues of dissemination such as non-peer-reviewed briefs and reports were not counted in this audit. Additionally, researchers may be more inclined to submit policy-focused articles to health policy journals that were intentionally not included in our study.
Policy interventions have made vital contributions to health achievements. Examples include school vaccination laws that helped reduce the rates of infectious disease and tobacco control laws that helped reduce the rates of chronic disease (7,8). More recently, policies are seen as a way to influence population rates of other health problems such as physical inactivity and obesity. As policy research on these topics continues to develop, researchers have an opportunity to increase dissemination through publication in general public health journals.